Restricted Access to Library Materials: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights

Libraries are places for the free exchange of information. Restricting access to library materials based on content violates American Library Association’s Library Bill of Rights.¹

Some libraries have fragile or special collections that need careful handling to prevent damage. While these items may have restricted access due to their condition, access should not be limited based on content.

Some libraries use physical or digital barriers to control access to materials. This might include the following practices:

• Labeling materials
• Placing materials in locked cases
• Organizing materials into a “high demand” collection
• Creating "adults only" or “restricted” sections

These measures may be used because of legal requirements, institutional rules, or to prevent theft or damage. However, such actions can unintentionally support censorship. Restricting materials because they contain controversial, unusual, or sensitive subjects is censorship. Listing a title as restricted in the catalog or in the library creates a barrier. This may cause users to feel embarrassed or hesitate to ask for access.²

Libraries may organize collections by reading level, ability, grade, or age. This practice can restrict access and make users uncomfortable selecting resources from sections that don't match their assigned category.

Some libraries use programs that assign reading levels to library materials or users. Such programs should not be used to limit choice. These programs may not reflect a user's full reading skills, needs, or interests because they may categorize users by age or grade. Users should be free to choose materials outside of their assigned level. Library staff should be free to choose any materials in alignment with their Collection Development Policy, even if that item does not have an assigned reading level.

Federal and state laws may require libraries receiving certain funds to use internet filters. These filters can block access to a wide range of constitutionally protected information. Libraries should have policies and procedures to manage internet filters. This helps to ensure users can access information.³

Donated items also need special consideration. Libraries should avoid donor agreements that permanently restrict access to these collections. Libraries must ensure equal access to all research materials they hold.

Library policies that restrict access to resources must be written and managed carefully to ensure they adhere to the principles of intellectual freedom. This caution is evident in many ALA policies:

• “Evaluating Library Collections”⁴
• “Access to Library Resources and Services for Minors”⁵
• “Preservation Policy”⁶
• ACRL “Code of Ethics for Special Collections Librarians”⁷

Libraries provide access to diverse viewpoints on current and historical issues. Proposals to restrict access should be scrutinized to ensure that they don’t suppress viewpoints or create barriers. Libraries must have policies and procedures that serve the diverse needs of their users and protect the First Amendment right to access information.

Adopted February 2, 1973, by the ALA Council; amended July 1, 1981; July 3, 1991; July 12, 2000; June 30, 2004; January 28, 2009; July 1, 2014; and May 29, 2025.