State and Regional Chapters
On recommendation of ALA’s Chapter Relations Committee, every two years the Chapter Relations Office asks all Chapters to complete an online survey to provide an overview of their past year's activities. These overviews help Chapters and ALA (1) assess the health and vitality of state and regional library associations, (2) highlight notable activities and achievements that can be modeled, and (3) identify challenges and needs that may be addressed collectively. Links to these reports are found below. The latest report date was October 2021.
The 2022 State of the Chapter Report. Click here to download the Excel.
A visual summary of the State of the Chapter Report has been compiled for 2021. Click here to download the PDF.
To view each state's responses to the survey, please see them sorted by state and year below:
AL | AK | AZ | AR | CA | CO | CT | DE | DC | FL | GA | HI | ID | IL | IN | IA | KS | KY | LA | ME | MD | MA | MI | MN | MS | MO | MT | NE | NV | NH | NJ | NM | NY | NC | ND | OH | OK | OR | PA | RI | SC | SD | TN | TX | UT | VT | VA | WA | WV | WI | WY | Mountain Plains | Pacific Northwest | New England | Southeastern | Guam | Virgin Islands |
Alabama Library Association
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Alaska Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Arizona Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Arkansas Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
California Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Colorado Association of Libraries
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Connecticut Library Association
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Delaware Library Association
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF
District of Columbia Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Florida Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Georgia Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Hawaii Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Idaho Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Illinois Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Indiana Library Federation
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Iowa Library Association
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Kansas Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Kentucky Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Louisiana Library Association
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Maine Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Maryland Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Massachusetts Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Michigan Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Minnesota Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Mississippi Library Association
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Missouri Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Montana Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Nebraska Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Nevada Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
New Hampshire Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
New Jersey Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
New Mexico Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
New York Library Association
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
North Carolina Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
North Dakota Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Ohio Library Council
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Oklahoma Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Oregon Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Pennsylvania Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Rhode Island Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
South Carolina Library Association
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
South Dakota Library Association
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Tennessee Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Texas Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Utah Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Vermont Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Virginia Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Washington Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
West Virginia Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Wisconsin Library Association
- 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Wyoming Library Association
- 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
- 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Regional chapters, Guam, and Virgin Islands
| Mountain Plains | Pacific Northwest | New England | Southeastern |
| Guam | Virgin Islands |
Mountain Plains Library Association (MPLA)
Mountain Plains Library Association's 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Mountain Plains Library Association's 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Mountain Plains Library Association's 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Mountain Plains Library Association's 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Mountain Plains Library Association’s 2014 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Mountain Plains Library Association’s 2013 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Mountain Plains Library Association’s 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
New England Library Association (NELA)
New England Library Association's 2021 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
New England Library Association's 2019 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
New England Library Association's 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
New England Library Association's 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
New England Library Association's 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
New England Library Association’s 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Pacific Northwest Library Association (PNLA)
Pacific Northwest Library Association’s 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Pacific Northwest Library Association’s 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Pacific Northwest Library Association’s 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Pacific Northwest Library Association’s 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Southeastern Library Association (SELA)
Southeastern Library Association’s 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Southeastern Library Association’s 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Southeastern Library Association’s 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Southeastern Library Association’s 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Guam Library Association
Guam Library Association’s 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Guam Library Association’s 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Guam Library Association’s 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Guam Library Association’s 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Virgin Islands Library Association
Virgin Islands Library Association’s 2017 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Virgin Islands Library Association’s 2016 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Virgin Islands Library Association’s 2015 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Virgin Islands Library Association’s 2012 State of the Chapter Report (PDF)
Purpose
As explained at State of the Chapter Annual Report, on recommendation of ALA’s Chapter Relations Committee, each year the Chapter Relations Office asks all Chapters to complete an online survey to provide an overview of their past year's activities. These overviews help Chapters and ALA (1) assess the health and vitality of state and regional library associations, (2) highlight notable activities and achievements that can be modeled, and (3) identify challenges and needs that may be addressed collectively. Links to these reports are found below. The reports will be requested every two years now.
Notes
The 2019 State of the Chapter Report contains data for 2017; the 2017 State of the Chapter Report, for 2016, and so on. If a link is not provided, the report has not been submitted. If you have trouble opening these documents, try the latest version of Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, etc. Periodically, questions related to the State of the Chapter Annual Report are asked on alacro-l. Answers are posted here, as well. If not related to the State of the Chapter Annual Report, answers are posted on Chapter Issues.