References

The Influence of Media On Learning: The Debate Continues
Robert B. Kozma

Note: The first four footnotes are referenced from the introduction to this article by Delia Neuman.

1. Richard C. Clark, "Reconsidering Research on Learning from Media," Review of Educational Research 53 (Winter 1983): 445–59.
2. Robert B. Kozma, "Learning with Media," Review of Educational Research 61 (Summer 1991): 179–211.
3. See Richard C. Clark, "When Researchers Swim Upstream: Reflections on an Unpopular Argument About Learning from Media," Educational Technology 31 (February 1991): 34–40.
4. Robert B. Kozma, "Will Media Influence Learning: Reframing the Debate," Educational Technology Research and Development, in press.
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10. Kozma, 1991, p. 179.
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35. Greeno, "Situations, Mental Models, and Generative Knowledge."
36. Developed by the Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt University, 1987–present.
37. Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, "An Anchored Instruction Approach to Cognitive Skills Acquisition and Intelligent Tutoring," in Cognitive Approaches toAutomated Instruction, ed. J. Wesley Regian and Valerie Shute (Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum); James Van Haneghan and others, "The Jasper Series: An Experiment with New Ways to Enhance Mathematical Thinking," in Enhancing Thinking Skills in the Sciences and Mathematics, ed. Diane Halpern (Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992).
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39. Baggett, "Understanding Visual and Verbal Messages."
40. Beagles-Roos and Gat, "Specific Impact of Radio and Television on Children's Story Comprehension"; Meringoff, "What Pictures Can and Can't Do for Children's Story Understanding."
41. Rand Spiro and Jihn-Chang Jehng, "Cognitive Flexibility and Hypertext: Theory and Technology for the Non-linear and Multidimensional Traversal of Complex Subject Matter," Cognition, Education, and Multimedia, ed. Don Nix and Rand Spiro (Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990).
42. Ibid.
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45. Clark, "Reconsidering Research on Learning from Media."
46. Duffy and Jonassen, Constructivism and the Technology of lnstruction: A Conversation; Denis Hlynka and John Belland, Paradigms Regained: The Uses of Illumintive, Semiotic, and Post-modern Criticism as Modes of Inquiry in Educational Technology (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Educational Technology Publications, 1991).