References

The Effectiveness of Technology in Schools: A Summary of Recent Research
Ellen R. Bialo and Jay Sivin-Kachala

1. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Power On! New Tools for Teaching and Learning, OTA-SET-379 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. GPO, Sept. 1988).
   
2. Public Opinion Strategies, Software Publishers Association Market Study Report (Washington, D.C.: Software Publishers Assn., 1995).
   
3. E. R. Bialo, Report on the Effectiveness of Microcomputers in Schools (Washington, D.C.: Software Publishers Assn., 1995).
   
4. E. R. Bialo and J. Sivin-Kachala, Report on the Effectiveness of Technology in Schools, '95–'96 (Washington, D.C.: Software Publishers Assn., 1995).
   
5. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 2.
   
6. C. C. and J. A. Kulik, "Effectiveness of Computer-based Instruction: An Updated Analysis," Computers in Human Behavior 7 (1991): 75–94; A. W. Ryan, "Meta-analysis of Achievement Effects of Microcomputer Applications in Elementary Schools," Educational Administration Quarterly 27 (May 1991): 161-84.
   
7. Kulik and Kulik, "Effectiveness of Computer-based Instruction."
   
8. J. A. Kulik, "Meta-analytic studies of findings on computer-based instruction," in Technology Assessment in Education and Training, ed. E. Baker and H. O'Neill (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994).
   
9. Ryan, "Meta-analysis of Achievement Effects."
   
10. R. L. Bangert-Drowns, "The Word Processor as an Instructional Tool: A Meta-analysis of Word Processing in Writing Instruction," Review of Educational Research 63 (Spring 1993): 69–93; M. Valeri-Gold and M. P. Deming, "Computers and Basic Writers: A Research Update," Journal of Developmental Education 14 (Spring 1991): 10–14; I. Snyder, "Writing with Word Processors: A Research Overview," Educational Research 35 (Spring 1993): 61.
    
11. L. H. Schultz, Pilot Validation Study of the Scholastic Beginning Literacy System (WiggleWorks), 1994-95 Midyear Report (Unpublished paper; Feb. 1995); C. Mayfield-Stewart and others, "Evaluation of Multimedia Instruction on Learning and Transfer." Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans (Apr. 1994); K. Foster and others, "Computer-administered Instruction in Phonological Awareness: Evaluation of the Daisy Quest Program," Journal of Research and Development in Education 27 (Winter 1994): 126–37; C. Woehler, "The Evaluation of a Computer-assisted Reading Program for At-risk Students," Dissertation Abstracts International, 55/07-A (Order No. AAD94-32792), 1994; L. Anderson-Inman, "Keyboarding Across the Curriculum," The Computing Teacher (May 1990): 36.
    
12. J. D. Fletcher, D. E. Hawley, and P. K. Piele, "Costs, Effects, and Utility of Microcomputer-assisted Instruction in the Classroom." Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Technology and Education, Brussels (Mar. 1990); C. Funkhouser and P. Djang, "The Influence of Problem-solving Software on Student Attitudes about Mathematics," Journal of Research on Computing in Education 25 (Spring 1993): 339–46.
    
13. Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt University, "The Jasper Series as an Example of Anchored Instruction: Theory, Program Description, and Assessment Data," Educational Psychologist 27 (Fall 1992): 291–316.
    
14. Betty Marcoux and Delia Neuman, "Into the Twenty-first Century: New Guidelines and Standards for Library Media Programs," SLMQ 24 (Summer 1996): 213–18.
    
15. B. Barron and others, "Creating Contexts for Community-based Problem Solving: The Jasper Challenge Series," in Thinking and Literacy: The Mind at Work, eds. C. N. Hedley, P. Antonacci, and M. Rabinowitz (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995).
    
16. M. B. Kinzie, R. Strauss, and J. Foss, "The Effects of an Interactive Dissection Simulation on the Performance and Achievement of High School Biology Students," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 30 (Oct. 1993): 989–1000.
    
17. S. Weir, Electronic Communities of Learners: Facts or Fiction? (Cambridge, M.A.: TERC Communications, 1992).
    
18. B. Grossen and C. Lee, The Effects of Videodisc Instruction and Textbook-oriented Instruction with Problem Solving (Unpublished paper; 1994).
    
19. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 2.
    
20. D. W. Dalton, "The Effects of Cooperative Learning Strategies on Achievement and Attitudes During Interactive Video," Journal of Computer-Based Instruction 17 (Winter 1990): 8–16.
    
21. R. Hannafin and H. Sullivan, "Learner Control in Full and Lean CAI Programs," Educational Technology Research and Development 43 (Spring 1995): 19–30.
    
22. E. C. Shin, D. L. Schallert, and W. C. Savenye, "Effects of Learner Control, Advisement, and Prior Knowledge on Young Students' Learning in a Hypertext Environment," Educational Technology Research and Development 42 (Spring 1994): 33–46; A. Simsek, "The Effects of Learner Control and Group Composition in Computer-based Cooperative Learning," in Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Presentations at the Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (Jan. 1993); C. Temiyakarn and S. Hooper, "The Effects of Cooperative Learning and Learner Control on High and Low Achievers," in Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Presentations at the Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (January 1993).
    
23. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 2.
    
24. R. B. Clariana, "A Comparison of Answer-Until-Correct Feedback and Knowledge-of-Correct-Response Feedback under Two Conditions of Contextualization," Journal of Computer-Based Instruction 17 (Autumn 1990): 125–29.
    
25. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 2.
    
26. R. H. Barba and L. J. Merchant, "The Effects of Embedding Generative Cognitive Strategies in Science Software," Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching 10 (Fall 1990): 59–65.
    
27. B. Grossen and D. Carnine, "Diagramming a Logic Strategy: Effects on Difficult Problem Types and Transfer," Learning Disability Quarterly 13 (Summer 1990): 168-82.
    
28. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 2.
    
29. S. L. Calvert and others, "Computer Presentational Features for Poor Readers' Recall of Information," Journal of Educational Computing Research 6 (1990): 287–98.
    
30. L. P. Rieber, "Animation, Incidental Learning, and Continuing Motivation," Journal of Educational Psychology 83 (1991): 318–28.
    
31. K. M. O'Banion and others, "Multimedia Support for Language Comprehension Skills in At-risk Kindergarten Students." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta (Apr. 1993).
    
32. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 2.
    
33. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 2.
    
34. L. Parker and M. Lepper, "Effects of Fantasy Contexts on Children's Learning and Motivation: Making Learning More Fun," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (Apr. 1992): 625–33.
    
35. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 2.
    
36. G. R. Rhyser, "Effects of Computer Education on Students' Achievement, Attitudes, and Self-esteem," Dissertation Abstracts International, 52/01-A (Order No. AAD91-05649), 1990.
    
37. B. C. DeGraw, "A Study to Determine Changes in Social Interaction among Students, Teachers, and Parents Influenced by the Placement of Microcomputers in the Homes and School of Fourth-grade Fuqua Students During 1988–1989," Dissertation Abstracts International, 51/05-A (Order No. AAD90-26713), 1990.
    
38. G. L. Reglin, "CAI Effects on Mathematics Achievement and Academic Self-concept Seminar," Journal of Educational Technology Systems 18 (1989–1990): 43–48.
    
39. L. Anderson-Inman, "Keyboarding Across the Curriculum"; F. S. Beyer, "Impact of Computers on Middle-level Student Writing Skills." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, Apr. 1994; L. C. Green, "The Effects of Word Processing and a Process Approach to Writing on the Reading and Writing Achievement, Revising and Editing Strategies, and Attitudes Towards Writing of Third-grade Mexican-American Students," Dissertation Abstracts International, 52/12-A (Order No. AAD90-12535), 1991; R. D. Owston, S. Murphy, and H. H. Wideman, "Effects of Word Processing on Student Writing in a High Computer Access Environment" (Technical Report 91-3) North York, Ontario: Centre for the Study of Computers in Education, 1991; Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt University, "The Jasper Series," 1992; A. H. Webster, "The Relationship of Computer-assisted Instruction to Mathematics Achievement, Student Cognitive Styles, and Student and Teacher Attitudes," Dissertation Abstracts International, 51/10-A (Order No. AAD91-03410), 1990; M. M. Yusef, "The Effects of Logo-based Instruction," Journal of Educational Computing Research 12 (1995): 335-62; J. Bissell and S. Simpson, "The Effectiveness of an Innovative, Technology-enhanced, and Inquiry-Oriented Middle School Science Program: Final Report" Irvine: Department of Education, UC-Irvine, 1993; S. A. Brusic, "Determining Effects of Fifth-grade Students' Achievement and Curiosity when a Technology Education Activity is Integrated with a Unit in Science," Dissertation Abstracts International, 52/09-A (Order No. AAD92-01134), 1991; O. Geban, P. Askar, and O. Ilker, "Effects of Computer Simulations and Problem-solving Approaches on High School Students," Journal of Educational Research 86 (Sept./Oct. 1992): 5-10; C. A. MacArthur and J. Haynes, "The Student Assistant for Learning from Text (SALT): A Hypermedia Reading Aid," Journal of Learning Disabilities 28 (Mar. 1995): 150–59; Weir, Electronic Communities of Learners, 1992; Y. Yang, "The Effects of Media on Motivation and Content Recall: Comparison of Computer- and Print-based Instruction," Journal of Educational Technology Systems 20 (1991-92): 95–105.
    
40. MAGI Educational Services, Inc., Evaluation of the New York State/ Moscow Schools Telecommunications Project, Albany: New York State Department of Education, 1992; C. Spaulding and D. Lake, "Interactive Effects of Computer Network and Student Characteristics on Students' Writing and Collaborating." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago (Apr. 1991); A. Bain and others, "An Evaluation of the Application of Interactive Video for Teaching Problem-solving to Early Adolescents," Journal of Computer-Based Instruction 19 (Summer 1992): 92–99; R. Castelluccio, "The Effects of Image Processing on Retention and Attitude of Seventh Grade Science Students During Interactive Video Instruction," Dissertation Abstracts International, 55/09-A (Order No. AAD95-02496), 1994; M. Niedelman, "Problem Solving and Transfer," Journal of Learning Disabilities 24 (Jun.-July 1991): 322-29; R. Thorkildsen and W. Lowry, "The Effects of a Videodisc Program on Mathematics Self-concept" (Unpublished manuscript, 1990).
    
41. M. C. Newbold, "A Comparison of Sixth-grade Students' Access, Retrieval, and Utilization of Information Obtained from CD-ROM and Print Sources," Dissertation Abstracts International, 54/03-A (Order No. AAD95-02496), 1993.
    
42. Hannafin and Sullivan, "Learner Control"; M. B. Kinzie, H. Sullivan, and R. L. Berdel, "Motivational and Achievement Effects of Learner Control over Content Review Within CAI," Journal of Educational Computing Research 8 (1992): 101-14; J. B., Wood, "An Investigation of the Effects of Tutorial and Tool Applications of Computer-based Education on Achievement and Attitude in Secondary Mathematics," Dissertation Abstracts International, 52/06-A (Order No. AAD91-32517), 1991.
    
43. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 31.
    
44. A. W. Ryan, "Meta-analysis of Achievement Effects."
    
45. H. J. Becker, "How Exemplary Computer-Using Teachers Differ from Other Teachers: Implications for Realizing the Potential of Computers in Schools," Journal of Research on Computing in Education 26 (Spring 1994): 291–321.
    
46. H. J. Becker, "How Exemplary Computer-Using Teachers Differ"; H. J. Becker, "Decision Making About Computer Acquisition and Use in American Schools," Computers and Education 20 (Jun. 1993): 341–52.
    
47. M. J. Bradley and G. R. Morrison, Student-Teacher Interactions in Computer Settings: A Naturalistic Inquiry (Unpublished manuscript, 1991); M. K. Honey and others, Adventures in Supercomputing, 1993–94 Evaluation (Final Report). New York: Center for Children and Technology, 1995; Indiana's Fourth Grade Project: Model Applications of Technology, Second Year (1989–90). Indianapolis: Advanced Technology, Inc., and Indiana State Department of Education; Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow Advanced Technology Group, Teacher Beliefs and Practices, Part I: Patterns of Change, ACOT Report #8 and Teaching in High-Tech Environments: Classroom Management Revisited, ACOT Report #10. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, Inc., 1990; M. Riel, "Educational Change in a Technology-Rich Environment." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco (Apr. 1992); K. Swan and Others, "Perceived Locus of Control and Computer-based Instruction." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston (Apr. 1990).
    
48. M. Eisenberg and R. Berkowitz, Information Problem-Solving: The Big Six Skills Approach to Library and Information Skills Instruction (Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1990); C. C. Kuhlthau, Seeking Meaning: A Process Approach to Library and Information Studies (Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1993); D. Neuman, "High School Students' Use of Databases: Results of a National Delphi Study, Journal of the American Society for Information Science 46 (May 1995): 284–98; L. H. Ehman and Others, "Using Computer Databases in Student Problem Solving: A Study of Eight Social Studies Teachers' Classrooms," Theory and Research in Social Education 20 (Spring 1991): 179–206.
    
49. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 3.
    
50. Bialo and Sivin-Kachala, Reports on the Effectiveness, 3.