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Annotated References and Notes

Information Search Process: A Summary of Research and Implications for School Library Media Programs
Carol C. Kuhlthau

1. American Library Association Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report. (Chicago: American Library Assn., 1898). Thoughtful summary of the deliberations of leaders in education and librarianship on the importance of information literacy to individuals, business, and citizenship, with recommendations for implementing the information-age school.
2. Eleanor R. Kulleseid, "Extending the Research Base: Schema Theory, Cognitive Styles, and Types of Intelligence," School Library Media Quarterly 15:41-8 (Fall 1986). Includes discussion of schema theory and review of recent work in this area.
3. George A. Kelly, A Theory of Personality: the Psychology of Personal Constructs (New York: Norton, 1963). Complete explanation of Personal Construct Theory.
4. Robert S. Taylor, "Question-Negotiation and Information Seeking in Libraries," College & Research Libraries 29:178-94 (May 1968). Seminal paper presenting four levels of information need reflected in reference questions.
5. Nicholas J. Belkin, Helen M. Brooks, and Robert N. Oddy, "ASK for Information Retrieval," Journal of Documentation 38:61-71 (June 1982). Review of related literature and descriptions of ASK (Anomalous State of Knowledge) hypothesis.
6. Brenda Dervin, "Useful Theory for Librarianship: Communication, Not Information," Drexel Library Quarterly 13:16-32 (July 1977). Describes information seeking as sense-making activity that is facilitated by communication.
7. Constance A. Mellon, "Library Anxiety: A Grounded Theory and Its Development," College & Research Libraries 47:160-65 (March 1986). A qualitative study exploring the feelings of students about using the library for research, finding that up to 85 percent of students described initial response to library research in terms of fear.
8. Carol C. Kuhlthau, "Developing a Model of the Library Search Process: Cognitive and Affective Aspects," Reference Quarterly 28:232-42 (Winter 1988). Describes initial exloratory study into the search process of high school students and findings that led to the development of the Kuhlthau model.
9. Carol C. Kuhlthau, "A Process Approach to Library Skills Instruction," School Library Media Quarterly 13:35-40 (Winter 1985). Describes Kuhlthau model of search process and implications for library media specialists.
10. Carol C. Kuhlthau, "Perceptions of the Information Search Process in Libraries: A Study of Changes from High School Through College," Information Processing and Management 24:419-27 (1988). In a comparative study, college students were found to hold perceptions which better matched the Kuhlthau model than those they held in high school, particularly regarding forming a focus and experiencing a process in time.
11. Carol C. Kuhlthau, "Longitudinal Case Studies of the Information Search Process of Users in Libraries, " Library and Information Science Research 10:257-304 (July 1988). Case studies of four students reveal an internal view of library research, with comparisons between high school and four years of college.
12. Carol C. Kuhlthau, "The Information Search Process of High-, Middle-, and Low-Achieving High School Seniors," School Library Media Quarterly 17:244-26 (Summer 1989). In study of 150 high school students, high and middle achievers were found to experience the process described in Kuhlthau model. Low achievers need further study. Findings indicate impact of process on outcome in student papers and warrant further research.
13. Carol C. Kuhlthau, "The Information Search Process of High School Seniors: A Comparison of High, Middle, and Low Achievers," Final Report of Study Funded by Rutgers Research Council, ERIC Clearinghouse on Information Resources, Syracuse University, 1989. Full report of study and presentation at American Association of School Librarians Research Forum, New Orleans, July 1988.
14. Carol C. Kuhlthau, Betty J. Turock, Mary W. George, and Robert J. Belvin, Facilitating Information Seeking Through Cognitive Modeling of the Search Process. Final Report. U.S. Department of Education, Library Research and Demonstration Grant G00872032387, Available in hard copy, 1989. Full report on comparative study of information search process of 385 school, academic, and public library users.
15. Carol C. Kuhlthau, Betty J. Turock, Mary W. George, and Robert J. Belvin, "Validating a Model of the Search Process: A Comparison of Academic, Public, and School Library Users," Library and Information Science Research 12 (Jan.-Mar. 1990), forthcoming. Paper, which received 1989 Jesse Shera Award for most outstanding research paper, describes study confirming Kuhlthau model of the search process with users in three types of libraries.
16. Jacqueline C. Mancall and M. Carl Drott, Measuring Student Information Use: A Guide for School Library Media Specialists (Littleton, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 1983). Description and implications for practice of study funded by USDE verifying and extending findings of earlier exploratory study.
17. David V. Loertscher and May Lein Ho, Computerized Collection Development for School Library Media Centers (Fayetteville, Ark.: Hi Willow Research and Publishing, 1986). Implications for practice and recommended applications of findings of a series of studies, some currently in progress, i.e. Bowie, 1988, Montgomery, 1989.
18. Janet A. Emig, The Composing Process of Twelfth Graders (Urbana, Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, 1971). Study revealing phases in the composing process of students, including prewriting when thoughts were forming in preparation for writing.
19. Jennie Nelson and John R. Hayes, "The Library Revisited: How Students Locate and Evaluate Sources to Be Used in Writing." Paper presented at the National Reading Conference, Tucson, Arizona, December 1988. Study of sixteen students at Carnegie Mellon University, eight freshmen and eight more experienced writers, which found that the more experienced were issue-driven rather than content-driven in research/writing assignments.
20. Sandra Stotsky, "Research and Report Writing Through the Grades: A Critique of Existing Writing Theory and Research and Suggestions for Further Research." Paper presented at Reading Seminar, Harvard Graduate School of Education, March 1989. Review of research about research process in students, highlighting the Kuhlthau studies of the search process as a breakthrough in describing stages in preparation for writing.